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CONTENTS
Introduction 1 (see below on this page)
Preface to Second Edition (see below on this page)
Introduction 2 (see below on this page)
List of Working Circuits to Build and/or Experiment With (see below on this page)
1. Units, Abbreviations, and Symbols
2. DC and AC
3. Basic Circuits and Circuit Laws --- Ohm's Law-Voltage-Dropper Circuit-Power in the Circuit Shunt Circuits-Ammeter into Voltmeter-Dividers-Basic AC Circuits-Power Factor
4. Resistors --- Color Code-Power Rating-Voltage Rating-Wire-wound Resistors-Variable Resistors-Circuit Rules for Resistors
5. Capacitors---Fixed Capacitors-Nonpolarized Capacitor Types-Electrolytic Capacitors-Variable Capacitors-Basic Circuit Rules for Capacitors
6. Capacitor and RC Circuits---Time Constant-Capacitors in Ac Circuits-Simple Coupling Filter Circuits-Low-pass Filters-High-pass Filters
7. Coils and Inductances---Resonant Circuits-Tuned Circuits-Series-resonant Circuits Radio Frequency Chokes
8. Transformers---Transformers as Power Supplies-Transformers as Coupling Devices-Autotransformers
9. Semiconductors---Transistors-Practical Diodes-Basic Transistor Circuits Transistor Construction-Field-effect Transistors
10. Neon Lamps, LEDs and Liquid Crystals---LEDs-Liquid Crystal
11. Other Components---The Diode Family-The Phototransistor-Solar Cells-Rectifiers-Thermistors and Sensistors
12. Tubes---Diodes-Triodes and Tetrodes-Pentodes-The Cathode-ray Tube
13. Integrated Circuits---Monolithic and Hybrid ICs-MSI and LSI-Op Amps-Digital Systems Cs-Analog and Digital Computers
14. IC Arrays
15. Transistor Characteristics---DC Parameters-Input Characteristics-Transfer Characteristics-Output Characteristics-Current Amplification--DC Current Gain-Manufacturer's Specifications
16. Basic Guide to Selecting Transistors---Pro-Electron Coding-Identifying Transistors by Shape
17. Amplifiers---Basic Amplifier Circuits
18. Oscillators---Resonant-frequency Oscillators-Practical LC Oscillators Crystal-controlled Oscillators-Phase-shift Oscillators-Bridge Oscillators
19. Circuit Diagrams
20. Circuit Construction---Pinboard Construction-Skeleton Assembly-Bonded Mounting-Bus-bar Assembly-Tagboard Assembly-Pegboard Construction
21. Printed Circuits---Planning the Circuit Drawing-Final Drawing-Etching Mounting and Soldering-Simplified Printed Circuit Construction
22. Radio---Detection-FM Detector-Amplifier Stages-Output Stage The Superhet
23. Television
24. Microprocessors
25. Batteries---Dry Batteries (Primary Batteries)-Alkaline-manganese Cells Mercury Cells-Silver-oxide Cells-Secondary Batteries General Battery Rules
26. Power Supplies and Chargers---Battery Chargers-DC Input Chargers
27. High-voltage Power Supplies---Filters-Output Voltage-Voltage Stabilization-Bias Voltages-Voltage Dividers-Voltage Multipliers-Variable-voltage Supplies-Stabilized Tube Heater Supplies-Transistor Power Supplies
Index
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Introduction 1
This guide -- Understanding Electronics -- is based on the 2 nd edition (1984) of a basic book for anyone who wants or needs practical understanding of the components and circuitry which combine to make up the modern field of electronics. It is of particular value to anyone embarking on electronics for the first-time at hobby level, or for the would-be practitioner who is still in need of some grounding in the basics. Each chapter is written in a clear and easy-to-understand manner, and deals with a particular aspect of electronics. The accompanying definitions, simple mathematical equations, and the explicit line drawings make each stage fully intelligible to the beginner. In addition, Warring provides step-by-step instructions that let you build up and experiment with transistorized circuitry in 'breadboard' or printed-circuit form; in all, 32 suggested working circuits are included. The biggest problem that faces most beginners is interpreting circuit diagrams in order to make an accurate working circuit. Warring fully describes and illustrates the meaning of symbols, layouts and various methods of construction, including tagboard assembly, breadboards and printed circuits. There are also helpful practical tips on circuit assembly. Careful study of this book will ensure a comprehensive understanding of how modern electronic components operate, and also the working of radio, television, etc., and the function of electronic components such as transformers and batteries.
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Preface to Second Edition
Understanding Electronics was originally written as a basic guide for home builders of electronic circuits with a particular emphasis on components, how they work, and how they go together to make complete circuits. The aim was to make circuit diagrams more understandable and also set down the "facts and figures" to undertake original circuit design, or to design simple basic circuits from scratch.
Judging by reader response, it has succeeded in this and has also raised many further queries and problems. The second edition has been expanded to cover these and other subjects, to increase both the scope and usefulness of the guide. At the same time the opportunity has been taken to revise and update as necessary all the original material retained.
In particular, the not -so -expert electronic hobbyist should find the new Sections 15 and 16-Transistor Characteristics and a Basic Guide to Selecting Transistors--especially helpful and worth studying in some detail. There are also new sections on amplifiers and oscillators, again expanding the coverage of the original book, and more information on power supplies, particularly those designed for high -voltage applications.
And, for good measure, a section introducing the subject of microprocessors has been included together with a considerable number of new illustrations and circuit diagrams.
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Introduction 2
If you find electronics difficult to understand-then you are among the vast majority! One good reason for this is that you cannot "see" how electronic circuits work--only switch them on and hope that they do work. So home construction of electronic circuits may seem something of a gamble, not helped by the fact that the "plans" are usually in the form of theoretical circuit diagrams with components designated by symbols instead of their physical shape and size, and quite probably in nothing like the arrangement they will appear on a practical working circuit.
Take heart at this point! In at least nine cases out of ten, if a circuit built to a published plan does not work, it will be for one of two simple reasons: either poorly made connections or wrong connections. The only mystery about that is that it happens--even to experts.
The study of electronic circuits is a study of electronic components and how they behave when connected together in various ways. This guide sets out to explain just that, in simple easy-to-understand fashion, without any difficult mathematical calculations or theoretical explanations -what they are, what they look like, what they do, and what sort of circuits they are used in. A basic groundwork in the practical side of simple electronics-and the subject can be quite simple. And to make the subject more realistic, there are fifty-one suggested working circuits to build, or experiment with.
There is still the question of how to read and understand circuit drawings, and turn them into practical working circuits, so separate sections are devoted to these two particular subjects. There is also a section on printed-circuit construction.
Since most simple electronic circuits are battery powered, the subject of different battery types and their performances is also covered in some detail. Also included are circuits for building a battery charger, either to operate off the mains or from a car battery.
Understanding Electronics should be an excellent starter for anyone wanting to take up practical electronics as a hobby interest-and an ideal reference to back up, and make it easier to understand, the types and construction of more elaborate circuits described in rather more advanced books, monthly journals, and so on. It should prove invaluable as a source of information which has been left out of other electronic books on the author's assumption that "everyone should know that." In fact, such books are often described as "too technical" or "too advanced." So this present guide should fill that particular gap.
Also see: Using Electronics -- through DIY and Experiments (1958)
Practical Electronic Filters (1991)